The Master discusses with his disciples and unveil his preoccupations with society. Tr. Legge (en), Lau (en) and Couvreur (fr).
Confucius's polite but dignified treatment of a powerful, but usurping and unworthy, officer.
1. Yang Ho wished to see Confucius, but Confucius would not go to see him. On this, he sent a present of a pig to Confucius, who, having chosen a time when Ho was not at home, went to pay his respects for the gift. He met him, however, on the way.
2. Ho said to Confucius, "Come, let me speak with you." He then asked, "Can he be called benevolent who keeps his jewel in his bosom, and leaves his country to confusion?" Confucius replied, "No." "Can he be called wise, who is anxious to be engaged in public employment, and yet is constantly losing the opportunity of being so?" Confucius again said, "No." "The days and months are passing away; the years do not wait for us." Confucius said, "Right; I will go into office."
Legge XVII.1.
Yang Huo wanted to see Confucius, and when Confucius refused to go and see him he sent Confucius a present of a piglet. Confucius had someone keep watch on Yang Huo's house, and went to pay his respects during his absence. -On the way he happened to meet Yang Huo who said to him, 'Come now. I will speak with you. Then he went on, 'Can the man be said to be benevolent who, while hoarding his treasure, allows the state to go astray? I should say not. Can the man be said to be wise who, while eager to take part in public life, constantly misses the opportunity? I should say not. The days and the months slip by. Time is not on our side.' Confucius said, 'All right. I shall take office.'
Lau [17:1]
Iang Houo désirait recevoir la visite de Confucius. Confucius n'étant pas allé le voir, Iang Houo lui envoya un jeune cochon. Confucius choisit le moment où Iang Houo n'était pas chez lui et alla à sa maison pour le saluer ; il le rencontra en chemin. Iang Houo dit à Confucius : « Viens, j'ai à te parler ! » Alors il lui dit : « Celui qui tient son trésor1 caché dans son sein et laisse son pays dans le trouble, mérite-t-il d'être appelé bienfaisant ? Non », répondit Confucius. Iang Houo reprit : « Celui qui aime à gérer les affaires publiques et laisse souvent passer les occasions de le faire mérite-t-il d'être appelé prudent ? Non », répondit Confucius. Iang Houo continua : « Les jours et les mois passent ; les années ne nous attendent pas. Bien, répondit Confucius ; j'exercerai un emploi2. » Iang Houo, appelé aussi Hou, était intendant de la famille Ki. Il avait jeté dans les fers Ki Houan, le chef de cette famille, et gouvernait seul en maître la principauté de Lou. (Il avait ainsi rendu à son maître ce que Ki Ou, bisaïeul de celui-ci, avait fait au prince de Lou.) Il voulait déterminer Confucius a lui faire visite ; mais Confucius n'y alla pas. Lorsqu'un grand préfet envoyait un présent à un lettré, si le lettré n'était pas chez lui pour le recevoir, il devait, d'après les usages, aller à la maison du grand préfet présenter ses remerciements. Iang Houo, profitant d'un moment où Confucius n'était pas chez lui, lui envoya un jeune cochon en présent, afin de l'obliger à venir le saluer et lui faire visite. Confucius, choisissant aussi le moment ou Iang Houo était absent, alla à sa maison pour le remercier. Il craignait de tomber dans le piège que ce méchant homme lui avait tendu et de sembler reconnaître son pouvoir absolu ; et il voulait tenir sa première résolution, qui était de ne pas le voir. Contre son attente, il rencontra Iang Houo en chemin, Iang Houo, en critiquant la conduite de Confucius, et en l'engageant à accepter une charge sans délai, n'avait d'autre intention que d'obtenir son appui pour mettre le trouble dans le gouvernement. Confucius était tout disposé à exercer un emploi, mais non à se mettre au service de Iang Houo. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.1.
The differences in the characters of men are chiefly owing to habit.
The Master said, "By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart."
Legge XVII.2.
The Master said. 'Men are close to one another by nature. They diverge as a result of repeated practice.'
Lau [17:2]
Le Maître dit : « Les hommes sont tous semblables par leur nature profonde ; ils diffèrent par leurs us et coutumes. »
Couvreur XVII.2.
Only two classes whom practice cannot change.
The Master said, "There are only the wise of the highest class, and the stupid of the lowest class, who cannot be changed."
Legge XVII.3.
The Master said, 'It is only the most intelligent and the most stupid who are not susceptible to change.'
Lau [17:3]
Le Maître dit : « Il n'y a que deux classes d'hommes qui ne changent jamais de conduite : les plus instruits et les plus insensés. »
Couvreur XVII.3.
However small the sphere of government, the highest influences of proprieties and music should be employed.
1. The Master, having come to Wû-ch'ang, heard there the sound of stringed instruments and singing.
2. Well pleased and smiling, he said, "Why use an ox knife to kill a fowl?"
3. Tsze-yû replied, "Formerly, Master, I heard you say, – 'When the man of high station is well instructed, he loves men; when the man of low station is well instructed, he is easily ruled.'"
4. The Master said, "My disciples, Yen's words are right. What I said was only in sport."
Legge XVII.4.
The Master went to Wu Ch'eng. There he heard the sound of stringed instruments and singing. The Master broke into a smile and said, 'Surely you don't need to use an ox-knife to kill a chicken.' Tzu-yu answered, 'Some time ago I heard it from -you, Master, that the gentleman instructed in the Way loves his fellow men and that the small man instructed in the Way is easy to command.' The Master said, 'My friends, what Yen says is right. My remark a moment ago was only -made in jest.'
Lau [17:4]
Le Maître, arrivant à Ou tch'eng, entendit les sons de chants et d'instruments à cordes. Il sourit et dit : « Pour tuer une poule, emploie-t-on le couteau qui sert à dépecer les bœufs ? » Tzeu iou répondit : « Maître, autrefois je vous ai entendu dire que l'étude de la Voie porte l'homme honorable à aimer les autres et rend les hommes de peu faciles à gouverner. Mes enfants, reprit le Maître, Ien a dit vrai. Ce que je viens de dire n'était qu'une plaisanterie. » Ou tch'eng dépendait de la principauté de Lou. Tzeu iou était alors préfet de Ou tch'eng et enseignait au peuple les rites et la musique. Aussi tous les habitants savaient chanter et jouer des instruments à cordes. La joie de Confucius parut sur son visage. Il sourit et dit : « Pour tuer une poule, un petit animal, quelle raison y a-t-il d'employer le grand couteau qui sert à dépecer les bœufs ? » Il voulait dire que Tzeu iou employait les grands moyens administratifs pour gouverner une petite ville. Il ne le disait pas sérieusement. Les pays à gouverner n'ont pas tous la même étendue ; mais ceux qui les gouvernent doivent toujours enseigner les rites et la musique, et tenir ainsi la même conduite. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.4.
The lengths to which Confucius was inclined to go, to get his principles carried into practice.
1. Kung-shan Fû-zâo, when he was holding Pi, and in an attitude of rebellion, invited the Master to visit him, who was rather inclined to go.
2. Tsze-lû was displeased. and said, "Indeed, you cannot go! Why must you think of going to see Kung-shan?"
3. The Master said, "Can it be without some reason that he has invited ME? If any one employ me, may I not make an eastern Châu?"
Legge XVII.5.
Kung-shan Fu-jao, using Pi as a stronghold, staged a revolt. He summoned the Master and the Master wanted to go. Tzu-lu was displeased and said, 'We may have nowhere to go, but why must we go to Kung-shan?' The Master said, 'The man who summons me must have a purpose. If his purpose is to employ me, can I not, perhaps, create another Chou in the east?'
Lau [17:5]
Koung chan Fou jao, maître de la ville de Pi, s'était révolté. Il manda Confucius. Le Maître voulait aller le voir. Tzeu lou, indigné, lui dit : « Il n'est pas d'endroit où il convienne d'aller1. Quelle nécessité y a-t-il d'aller trouver le chef de la famille Koung chan ? » Le Maître répondit : « Celui qui m'a invité l'a-t-il fait sans une intention véritable2 ? Si l'on me donnait la direction des affaires publiques, ne ferais-je pas revivre à l'Est les principes des fondateurs de la dynastie des Tcheou ? » Koung chan Fou jao était intendant du chef de la famille des Ki, qui était grand préfet dans la principauté de Lou. Koung chan était son nom de famille, Fou jao son nom propre, et Tzeu sie son surnom. Avec Iang Houo, il s'était emparé de la personne du grand préfet Ki Houan et, maître de la ville de Pi, il soutenait sa révolte contre le grand préfet. Il fit inviter Confucius à se rendre auprès de lui, Confucius voulait y aller. C'est que Koung chan Fou jao était en révolte contre la famille des Ki, et non contre le prince de Lou. Confucius voulait y aller dans l'intérêt du prince de Lou, non dans l'intérêt de Koung chan Fou jao. Si Confucius était parvenu à exécuter son dessein, il aurait retiré l'autorité souveraine des mains des grands préfets pour la rendre au prince ; et, après l'avoir rendue au prince, il l'aurait fait retourner à l'empereur. Il voulait se rendre auprès de Koung chan Fou jao parce que tels étaient ses principes. Cependant, il n'y alla pas, parce qu'il lui serait impossible d'exécuter son dessein. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.5.
Five things the practice of which constitutes perfect virtue.
Tsze-chang asked Confucius about perfect virtue. Confucius said, "To be able to practice five things everywhere under heaven constitutes perfect virtue." He begged to ask what they were, and was told, "Gravity, generosity of soul, sincerity, earnestness, and kindness. If you are grave, you will not be treated with disrespect. If you are generous, you will win all. If you are sincere, people will repose trust in you. If you are earnest, you will accomplish much. If you are kind, this will enable you to employ the services of others.
Legge XVII.6.
Tzu-~chang asked Confucius about benevolence. Confucius said, 'There are five things and whoever is capable of putting them into practice in the Empire is certainly "benevolent".' 'May I ask what they are?' 'They are respectfulness, -tolerance, trustworthiness in word, quickness and generosity. If a man is respectful he-will not be treated with insolence. If he is tolerant he will win the multitude. If he is trustworthy in word his fellow men will entrust him with responsi- bility. If he is quick he will achieve results. If he is generous he will be good enough to be put in -a position over his fellow men.'
Lau [17:6]
Tzeu tchang demanda à Confucius en quoi consiste la vertu d'humanité. Confucius répondit : « Celui-là est parfait qui est capable de pratiquer cinq choses partout et toujours. » Tzeu tchang dit : « Permettez-moi de vous demander quelles sont ces cinq choses ? Ce sont, répondit Confucius, la déférence, la grandeur d'âme, la sincérité, la diligence et la générosité. La déférence inspire le respect ; la grandeur d'âme gagne les cœurs ; la sincérité obtient la confiance ; la diligence exécute des œuvres utiles ; la générosité rend facile la direction des hommes. »
Couvreur XVII.6.
Confucius, inclined to respond to the advances of an unworthy man, protests against his conduct being judged by ordinary rules.
1. Pî Hsî inviting him to visit him, the Master was inclined to go.
2. Tsze-lû said, "Master, formerly I have heard you say, 'When a man in his own person is guilty of doing evil, a superior man will not associate with him.' Pî Hsî is in rebellion, holding possession of Chung-mâu; if you go to him, what shall be said?"
3. The Master said, "Yes, I did use these words. But is it not said, that, if a thing be really hard, it may be ground without being made thin? Is it not said, that, if a thing be really white, it may be steeped in a dark fluid without being made black?
4. "Am I a bitter gourd? How can I be hung up out of the way of being eaten?"
Legge XVII.7.
Pi Hsi summoned the Master and the Master wanted to go. Tzu-lu said, 'Some time -ago I heard it from you, Master, that the gentleman does not enter the domain of one who in his own person does what is not good. Now Pi Hsi is using Chung Mou as a strong- hold to stage a revolt. How can you justify going there?' The Master said, 'It is true, I did say that. But has it not been said, "Hard indeed is that which can withstand grinding"? Has it not been said, "White indeed is that which can withstand black dye"? Moreover, how can I allow myself to be treated like a gourd which, instead of being eaten, hangs from the end of a string?'
Lau [17:7]
Pi Hi invita Confucius à aller le voir. Le Maître voulait s'y rendre. Tzeu lou dit : « Maître, autrefois je vous ai entendu dire que l'homme honorable n'entre pas chez un homme engagé dans une entreprise malveillante. Pi Hi, maître de Tchoung meou, a levé l'étendard de la révolte. Convient-il que vous alliez le voir ? » Le Maître répondit : « Il est vrai, j'ai dit ces paroles. Mais ne dit-on pas aussi qu'un objet très dur n'est pas entamé par le frottement ? Ne dit-on pas aussi qu'un objet essentiellement blanc ne devient pas noir par la teinture ? Suis-je donc une courge ventrue, qui peut être suspendue, et ne pas manger ou n'être pas mangée ? » Confucius dit : « Ferme et pur, je peux sans danger m'exposer au contact de la noirceur. Pourquoi ne répondrais-je pas à l'invitation de Pi Hi, par crainte de me souiller moi-même ? Suis-je donc une courge ? M'est-il permis de me rendre inutile aux hommes, comme une courge qui reste suspendue toujours dans un même endroit, et ne peut rien faire, pas même boire ou manger ? » (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.7.
Knowledge, acquired by learning, is necessary to the completion of virtue, by preserving the mind from being beclouded.
1. The Master said, "Yû, have you heard the six words to which are attached six becloudings?" Yû replied, "I have not."
2. "Sit down, and I will tell them to you.
3. "There is the love of being benevolent without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to a foolish simplicity. There is the love of knowing without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to dissipation of mind. There is the love of being sincere without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to an injurious disregard of consequences. There is the love of straightforwardness without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to rudeness. There is the love of boldness without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to insubordination. There is the love of firmness without the love of learning;– the beclouding here leads to extravagant conduct."
Legge XVII.8.
The Master said, 'Yu, have you heard about the six qualities and the six attendant faults?' 'No.' 'Be seated and I shall tell you. To love benevolence without loving learning is liable to lead to foolishness. To love cleverness without loving learning is liable to lead to deviation from the right path. To love trustworthiness in word without loving learning is liable to lead to harmful behaviour. To love forthrightness without loving learning is liable to lead to intolerance. To love courage without loving learning is liable to lead to insubordination. To love unbending strength without loving learning is liable to lead to indis- cipline.'
Lau [17:8]
Le Maître dit : « Iou1, connais-tu les six paroles2 et les six ombres3 ? » Tzeu lou se levant, répondit : « Pas encore. Assieds-toi, reprit Confucius, je te les dirai. Le défaut de celui qui aime à se montrer bienfaisant, et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est le manque de discernement. Le défaut de celui qui aime le savoir, et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est de tomber dans la futilité. Le défaut de celui qui aime à tenir ses promesses, et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est de nuire aux autres4. Le défaut de celui qui aime la franchise, et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est d'être tranchant. Le défaut de celui qui aime à montrer du courage et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est de troubler l'ordre. Le défaut de celui qui aime la fermeté d'âme, et n'aime pas l'étude, c'est le fanatisme. »
Couvreur XVII.8.
Benefits derived from studying the Book of Poetry.
1. The Master said, "My children, why do you not study the Book of Poetry?
2. "The Odes serve to stimulate the mind.
3. "They may be used for purposes of self-contemplation.
4. "They teach the art of sociability.
5. "They show how to regulate feelings of resentment.
6. "From them you learn the more immediate duty of serving one's father, and the remoter one of serving one's prince.
7. "From them we become largely acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, and plants."
Legge XVII.9.
The Master said, 'Why is it none of you, my young friends, study the Odes? An apt quotation from the Odes may serve to stimulate the imagination, to show one's breeding, to smooth over difficulties in a group and to give expression to complaints. 'Inside the family -there is the serving of one's father; outside, there is the serving of one's lord; there is also the acquiring of a wide knowledge of the names of birds and beasts, plants and trees.'
Lau [17:9]
Le Maître dit : « Mes enfants, pourquoi n'étudiez-vous pas le Livre des Odes ? Il nous sert à exciter les sentiments, à observer d'un œil critique. Il nous apprend à nous comporter en société, à servir notre père et servir notre prince. Il nous fait connaître beaucoup d'oiseaux, de quadrupèdes, de plantes et d'arbres. »
Couvreur XVII.9.
The importance of studying the Châu-nan and Shâo-nan.
The Master said to Po-yü, "Do you give yourself to the Châu-nan and the Shâo-nan. The man who has not studied the Châu-nan and the Shâo-nan is like one who stands with his face right against a wall. Is he not so?"
Legge XVII.10.
The Master said to Po-yu, 'Have you studied the Chou nan and Shao nan? To be a man and not to study them is, I would say, like standing with one's face directly towards -the wall. '
Lau [17:10]
Le Maître dit à son fils Pe iu : « As-tu travaillé le Tcheou nan et le Chao nan1 ? Celui qui n'a pas étudié le Tcheou nan et le Chao nan n'est-il pas comme un homme qui se tiendrait le visage tourné vers un mur ? »
Couvreur XVII.10.
It is not the external appurtenances which constitute propriety, nor the sound of instruments which constitute music.
The Master said, "'It is according to the rules of propriety,' they say. – 'It is according to the rules of propriety,' they say. Are gems and silk all that is meant by propriety? 'It is music,' they say. – 'It is music,' they say. Are bells and drums all that is meant by music?"
Legge XVII.11.
The Master said, 'Surely when one says "The rites, the rites," it is not enough merely to mean presents of jade and silk. Surely when one says "Music, music," it is not enough merely to mean bells and drums.'
Lau [17:11]
Le Maître dit : « Les rites, toujours les rites ! Veut-on parler seulement des pierres précieuses et des soieries1 ? La musique, encore la musique ! Veut-on parler seulement des cloches et des tambours ? » Les rites exigent avant tout le respect, et la musique a pour objet principal l'harmonie (la concorde). Les pierres précieuses, les soieries, les cloches, les tambours ne sont que des accessoires. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.11.
The meanness of presumption and pusillanimity conjoined.
The Master said, "He who puts on an appearance of stern firmness, while inwardly he is weak, is like one of the small, mean people;– yea, is he not like the thief who breaks through, or climbs over, a wall?"
Legge XVII.12.
The Master said, 'A cowardly man who puts on a brave front is, when compared to small men, like the burglar who breaks in or climbs over walls.'
Lau [17:12]
Le Maître dit : « Ceux qui en apparence sont rigides et, au fond, n'ont aucune énergie, ne ressemblent-ils pas à ces hommes de la lie du peuple qui1 percent ou enjambent les murs pour voler2 ? »
Couvreur XVII.12.
Contentment with vulgar ways and views injurious to virtue.
The Master said, "Your good, careful people of the villages are the thieves of virtue."
Legge XVII.13.
The Master said, 'The village worthy is the ruin of virtue.'
Lau [17:13]
Le Maître dit : « Ceux qui passent pour hommes de bien aux yeux des villageois1 ruinent la Vertu. »
Couvreur XVII.13.
Swiftness to speak incompatible with the cultivation of virtue.
The Master said, "To tell, as we go along, what we have heard on the way, is to cast away our virtue."
Legge XVII.14.
The Master said, 'The gossip-monger is the outcast of virtue.'
Lau [17:14]
Le Maître dit : « Répéter en chemin à tous les passants ce que l'on a appris de bon en chemin1, c'est jeter la Vertu au vent. »
Couvreur XVII.14.
The case of mercenary officers, and how it is impossible to serve one's prince along with them.
1. The Master said, "There are those mean creatures! How impossible it is along with them to serve one's prince!
2. "While they have not got their aims, their anxiety is how to get them. When they have got them, their anxiety is lest they should lose them.
3. "When they are anxious lest such things should be lost, there is nothing to which they will not proceed."
Legge XVII.15.
The Master said, 'Is it really possible to work side by side with a mean fellow in the service of a lord? Before he gets what he wants, he worries lest he -should not get it. After he has got it, he worries lest he should lose it' and when that happens he will not stop at any- thing.'
Lau [17:15]
Le Maître dit : « Convient-il de faire admettre à la cour des hommes abjects, et de servir le prince avec eux ? Avant d'avoir obtenu les charges, ils sont en peine de les obtenir. Après les avoir obtenues, ils sont en peine de les conserver. Alors, ils ne reculent devant aucun crime pour ne pas les perdre. »
Couvreur XVII.15.
The defects of former times become vices in the time of Confucius.
1. The Master said, "Anciently, men had three failings, which now perhaps are not to be found.
2. "The high-mindedness of antiquity showed itself in a disregard of small things; the high-mindedness of the present day shows itself in wild license. The stern dignity of antiquity showed itself in grave reserve; the stern dignity of the present day shows itself in quarrelsome perverseness. The stupidity of antiquity showed itself in straightforwardness; the stupidity of the present day shows itself in sheer deceit."
Legge XVII.16.
The Master said, 'In antiquity, the common people had three weaknesses, but today they cannot be counted on to have even these. In antiquity, in their wildness men were impatient of restraint; today, in their wildness they simply deviate from the right path. In antiquity, in being conceited, men were uncompromising; today, in being conceited, they are simply ill4empered. In antiquity, in being foolish, men were straight; today, in being foolish, they are simply crafty.'
Lau [17:16]
Le Maître dit : « Les Anciens étaient sujets a trois défauts, qui n'existent peut-être plus à présent1. L'originalité, du temps des Anciens, était liberté ; celle d'aujourd'hui est la licence. La fierté, du temps des Anciens, était intégrité ; celle d'aujourd'hui est la hargne. La naïveté, du temps des Anciens, était droiture ; celle d'aujourd'hui est la fourberie. »
Couvreur XVII.16.
See Book I Chapter III
The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with virtue."
Legge XVII.17.
The Master said, 'It is rare, indeed, for a man with cunning words and an ingratiating face to be benevolent.'
Lau [17:17]
Le Maître dit : « Chercher à plaire aux hommes par des discours étudiés et un extérieur composé est rarement signe de plénitude humaine. »
Couvreur I.3.
Confucius's indignation at the way in which the wrong overcame the right.
The Master said, "I hate the manner in which purple takes away the luster of vermilion. I hate the way in which the songs of Chang confound the music of the Ya. I hate those who with their sharp mouths overthrow kingdoms and families."
Legge XVII.18.
The Master said, 'I detest purple for displacing vermilion. I detest the tunes of Cheng for corrupting classical music. I detest clever talkers who overturn states and noble families.'
Lau [17:18]
Le Maître dit : « Je déteste le pourpre, parce qu'il remplace le rouge1. Je déteste la musique de Tcheng, parce qu'elle altère la belle musique. Je hais les mauvaises langues, parce qu'elles troublent les États et les familles. »
Couvreur XVII.17.
The actions of Confucius were lessons and laws, and not his words merely.
1. The Master said, "I would prefer not speaking."
2. Tsze-kung said, "If you, Master, do not speak, what shall we, your disciples, have to record?"
3. The Master said, "Does Heaven speak? The four seasons pursue their courses, and all things are continually being produced, but does Heaven say anything?"
Legge XVII.19.
The Master said, 'I am thinking of giving up speech.' Tzu-kung said, 'If you did not speak, what would there be for us, your disciples, to transmit?' The Master said, 'What does Heaven ever say? Yet there are the four seasons going round and there are the hundred things coming into being. What does Heaven ever say?'
Lau [17:19]
Le Maître dit : « Je voudrais ne plus parler. Maître, dit Tzeu koung, si vous ne parlez pas, qu'aurions-nous, vos humbles disciples, à transmettre ? » Le Maître répondit : « Est-ce que le Ciel parle ? Les quatre saisons suivent leur cours ; tous les êtres croissent. Est-ce que le Ciel parle jamais ? » Dans la conduite de l'homme saint, tout, jusqu'aux moindres mouvements, est la claire manifestation du plus haut principe ; de même que le cours des saisons, la production des différents êtres, tout dans la nature est un écoulement de la Voie céleste. Est-ce que le Ciel a besoin de parler pour se manifester ? (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.18.
How Confucius could be "not at home," and yet give intimation to the visitor of his presence.
Zû Pei wished to see Confucius, but Confucius declined, on the ground of being sick, to see him. When the bearer of this message went out at the door, (the Master) took his lute and sang to it, in order that Pei might hear him.
Legge XVII.20.
Ju Pei wanted to see Confucius. Confucius declined to see him on the grounds of illness. As soon as the man conveying the message had stepped out of the door, Confucius took his lute and sang, making sure that he heard it.
Lau [17:20]
Jou Pei désirait voir Confucius. Confucius s'excusa sous prétexte de maladie. Lorsque celui qui porta cette réponse au visiteur eut passé la porte de la maison, Confucius, prenant son luth, se mit à jouer et à chanter, afin que Jou Pei l'entendît1.
Couvreur XVII.19.
The period of three years' mourning for parents; it may not on any account be shortened; the reason of it.
1. Tsâi Wo asked about the three years' mourning for parents, saying that one year was long enough.
2. "If the superior man," said he, "abstains for three years from the observances of propriety, those observances will be quite lost. If for three years he abstains from music, music will be ruined.
3. "Within a year the old grain is exhausted, and the new grain has sprung up, and, in procuring fire by friction, we go through all the changes of wood for that purpose. After a complete year, the mourning may stop."
4. The Master said, "If you were, after a year, to eat good rice, and wear embroidered clothes, would you feel at ease?" "I should," replied Wo.
5. The Master said, "If you can feel at ease, do it. But a superior man, during the whole period of mourning, does not enjoy pleasant food which he may eat, nor derive pleasure from music which he may hear. He also does not feel at ease, if he is comfortably lodged. Therefore he does not do what you propose. But now you feel at ease and may do it."
6. Tsâi Wo then went out, and the Master said, "This shows Yü's want of virtue. It is not till a child is three years old that it is allowed to leave the arms of its parents. And the three years' mourning is universally observed throughout the empire. Did Yü enjoy the three years' love of his parents?"
Legge XVII.21.
Tsai Wo asked about the three-year mourning period, saying, 'Even a full year is too long. If the gentleman gives up the practice of the rites for three years, the rites are sure to be in ruins; if he gives up the practice of music for three years, music is sure to collapse. A full year's mourning is quite enough. After all, in the course of a year, the old grain having been used up, the new grain ripens, and fire is renewed by fresh drilling.'
The Master said, 'Would you, then, be able to enjoy eating your rice and wearing your finery?' 'Yes. I would.' 'If you are able to enjoy them, do so by all means. The gentle- man in mourning finds no relish in good food, no pleasure in music, and no comforts in his own home. That is why he does not eat his rice and wear his finery. Since it appears that you enjoy them, then do so by all means.
After Tsai Wo had left, the Master said, 'How unfeeling Yu is. A child ceases to be nursed by his parents only when he is three years old. Three years' mourning is observed throughout the Empire. Was Yu not given three years' love by his parents?'
Lau [17:21]
Tsai Ngo interrogeant Confucius sur le deuil de trois ans, dit : « Une année est déjà un temps assez long. Si l'homme honorable s'abstient d'exécuter les rites durant trois années, ces derniers tomberont en désuétude ; s'il abandonne la musique pendant trois années la musique sera en décadence. Dans le courant d'une année, les grains anciens sont consumés, les nouveaux sont recueillis ; les vrilles de différentes sortes de bois ont tour à tour produit du feu nouveau. Il convient que le deuil ne dure pas plus d'un an. »
Le Maître répondit : « Au bout d'un an de deuil, pourrais-tu bien te résoudre à manger du riz et à porter des vêtements de soie ? Je le pourrais », dit Tsai Ngo. « Si tu le peux, reprit Confucius, fais-le. L'homme honorable, en temps de deuil, ne trouve aucune saveur aux mets les plus exquis, n'aime pas à entendre la musique, et ne goûte à aucun repos dans ses appartements ordinaires1. Aussi ne le ferait-il pas. Pour toi, si tu peux te résoudre à le faire, fais-le. » Tsai Ngo se retirant, le Maître dit : « Iu n'est pas pleinement humain. Les parents portent leur enfant sur leur sein durant trois années ; c'est pourquoi le deuil de trois ans a été adopté partout. Iu n'a-t-il pas été l'objet de la tendresse de ses parents durant trois années ? » Les Anciens tiraient le feu nouveau d'un instrument de bois qu'ils faisaient tourner comme une tarière. Le bois employé, était, au printemps, l'orme ou le saule ; au commencement de l'été, le jujubier ou l'abricotier ; vers la fin de l'été, le mûrier ordinaire ou le mûrier des teinturiers ; en automne, le chêne ou le ion ; En hiver, le sophora ou le t'an. Un fils, après la mort de son père ou de sa mère, durant trois ans, ne prenait qu'une nourriture grossière, portait des vêtements de chanvre, et couchait sur la paille, la tête appuyée sur une motte de terre. (Tchou Hsi)
Couvreur XVII.20.
The hopeless case of gluttony and idleness.
The Master said, "Hard is it to deal with who will stuff himself with food the whole day, without applying his mind to anything good! Are there not gamesters and chess players? To be one of these would still be better than doing nothing at all."
Legge XVII.22.
The Master said, 'It is no easy matter for a man who always has a full stomach to put his mind to some use. Are there not such things as po and yi? Even playing these games is better than being idle.'
Lau [17:22]
Le Maître dit : « Quand on ne fait que boire et manger toute la journée, sans appliquer son esprit à aucune occupation, c'est lamentable ! N'a-t-on pas des tablettes et des échecs ? Se livrer à ces jeux ne serait-il pas, pourtant, plus sage ? »
Couvreur XVII.21.
Valour to be valued only in subordination to righteousness; its consequences apart from that.
Tsze-lû said, "Does the superior man esteem valor?" The Master said, "The superior man holds righteousness to be of highest importance. A man in a superior situation, having valor without righteousness, will be guilty of insubordination; one of the lower people having valor without righteousness, will commit robbery."
Legge XVII.23.
Tzu-lu said, 'Does the gentleman consider courage a supreme quality?' The Master said, 'For the gentleman it is morality that is supreme. Possessed of courage but devoid of morality, a gentleman will make trouble while a small man will be a brigand.'
Lau [17:23]
Tzeu lou dit : « L'homme honorable n'a-t-il pas en grande estime la bravoure ? » Le Maître répondit : « L'homme honorable met la justice au-dessus de tout. L'homme honorable qui a de la bravoure et ne respecte pas la justice provoque le désordre. Un homme de peu qui a de la bravoure et manque de justice devient brigand. »
Couvreur XVII.22.
Characters disliked by Confucius and Tsze-kung.
1. Tsze-kung said, "Has the superior man his hatreds also?" The Master said, "He has his hatreds. He hates those who proclaim the evil of others. He hates the man who, being in a low station, slanders his superiors. He hates those who have valor merely, and are unobservant of propriety. He hates those who are forward and determined, and, at the same time, of contracted understanding."
2. The Master then inquired, "Ts'ze, have you also your hatreds?" Tsze-kung replied, "I hate those who pry out matters, and ascribe the knowledge to their wisdom. I hate those who are only not modest, and think that they are valorous. I hate those who make known secrets, and think that they are straightforward."
Legge XVII.24.
Tzu-kung said, 'Does even the gentleman have dislikes?' The Master said, 'Yes. The gentleman has his dislikes. He dislikes those who proclaim the evil in others. He dislikes those who, being in inferior positions, slander their superiors. He dislikes those who, while possessing courage, lack the spirit of the rites. He dislikes those whose resoluteness is not tempered by understanding.'
The Master added, 'Do you, Ssu, have your dislikes as well?'
'I dislike those in whom plagiarizing passes for wisdom. I dislike those in whom insolence passes for courage. I dislike those in whom exposure of others passes for forthrightness.'
Lau [17:24]
Tzeu koung dit : « Est-il des hommes honorables qui éprouvent aussi de la haine ? » Le Maître répondit : « Oui. L'homme honorable hait ceux qui publient les défauts d'autrui ; il hait les hommes de basse condition qui dénigrent ceux qui sont d'une condition plus élevée ; il hait les hommes braves qui violent les rites ; il hait les hommes audacieux qui ont l'intelligence étroite. » Le Maître ajouta : « Et toi, Seu, as-tu aussi de l'aversion pour certains hommes ? Je hais, répondit Tzeu koung, ceux qui font passer le plagiat pour du savoir ; je hais ceux qui font preuve d'irrévérence, s'imaginant que c'est courage ; je hais ceux qui dénoncent les fautes d'autrui pensant que c'est franchise. »
Couvreur XVII.23.
The difficulty how to treat concubines and servants.
The Master said, "Of all people, girls and servants are the most difficult to behave to. If you are familiar with them, they lose their humility. If you maintain a reserve towards them, they are discontented."
Legge XVII.25.
The Master said, 'In one's household, it is the women and the small men that are difficult to deal with. If you let them get too close, they become insolent. If you keep them at a distance, they complain.'
Lau [17:25]
Le Maître dit : « Les femmes de second rang et les hommes de peu sont les personnes les moins maniables. Si vous les traitez familièrement, ils vous manqueront de respect ; si vous les tenez à distance, ils seront mécontents. »
Couvreur XVII.24.
The difficulty of improvement in advanced years.
The Master said, "When a man at forty is the object of dislike, he will always continue what he is."
Legge XVII.26.
The Master said, 'If by the age of forty a man is still disliked there is no hope for him.'
Lau [17:26]
Le Maître dit : « Celui qui, à quarante ans, est encore haï, le restera jusqu'à la fin de ses jours. »
Couvreur XVII.25.
The Analects of Confucius – Lun Yu XVII – Chinese on/off – Français/English
Alias the Lunyu, the Lun Yü, the Analects, les Entretiens du maître avec ses disciples.
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